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The International Observer Recent Issues
ISSN: 1075-4644
GLOBAL SURVEY Vol. 52 No. 12Z /520 January 2022
COUNTRIES, REGIONS, AND CITIES:
NAME AND SPELLING CHANGES
27th Edition
This updated edition lists
changes of names and spelling of countries, regions, and cities. It is designed
to provide accurate and useful information on the subject matter covered. Every
reasonable effort is made to include current data from authoritative sources
and verify its accuracy.
Countries
Current Formerly
Bangladesh (26 March 1971) Eastern Pakistan (15
August 1947-26 March 1971)
Belize (21 September 1981) British Honduras
(1862-21 September 1981)`
Benin (30 November 1975) Dahomey
(1 August 1960-30 November 1975)
French
West Africa (1895-1960)
Bosnia and Herzegovina (3 March
1992) Yugoslavia (April 1945-March
1992)
Independent
State of Croatia (1941-1945)
Kingdom
of Yugoslavia (1918-1941)
Botswana (30 September
1966) Bechuanaland
Burkina Faso (4 August
1984) Upper Volta
(5 August 1960-4 August 1984)
French West Africa (1895-1960)
Burundi (1 July 1962) Ruanda-Urundi
Cameroon (1 January 1960) French Equatorial
Africa (1910-September 1958)
Central African Republic
(21 Sep. 1979) Central African
Empire (April 1976-21 September
1979)
Central
African Republic (13 August 1960-April 1976)
Union of Central African
Republics (September 1958-
1 January 1960)
French
Equatorial Africa (1910-September 1958)
Ubangi-Shari
(1894-1910)
Chad (1 August 1960) Union of Central African
Republics (September 1958-1
August
1960)
French
Equatorial Africa (1910-September 1958)
Congo (Brazzaville) (15
August 1960) French Equatorial
Africa (1910-September 1958)
Union of Central African
Republics (September 1958-
15 August 1960)
Congo (Kinshasa) (30 June
1960) Zaire, Belgian
Congo
Côte d’Ivoire (F) Ivory
Coast (E)
Czech Republic (1 January
1993) Czechoslovakia (28
October 1918-31 December 1992)
Djibouti (17 June 1977) Territory of Afars and Issas
East Timor/Timor Leste (20
May 2002) Iryan
Jaya, Indonesia
Equatorial Guinea (12
October 1968) Spanish Guinea
Eritrea (24 May 1993) part of
Ethiopia
Eswatini (19 April 2018) Swaziland
Ethiopia Italian
East Africa, Abyssinia
Gabon (17 August 1960) French
Equatorial Africa (1910-September 1958)
Union of Central African
Republics (September 1958-
17
August 1960)
Ghana (6 March 1957) Gold Coast
Guinea (2 October 1958) French West
Africa (1895-2 October 1958)
Guinea-Bissau (10 September
1974) Portuguese Guinea
Iran (1935) Persia
Ivory Coast (7 August 1960) French West Africa
(1895-1960)
Kiribati (12 July 1979) Gilbert
Islands
Kosovo (17 February 2008) Serbia (June
2006-February 2008)
Lesotho (4 October 1966) Basutoland
Malawi (6 July 1964) Nyasaland
Mali (22 September 1960) French Sudan
(1880-1895)
French
West Africa (1895-1960)
Mauritania (28 November
1960) French West
Africa (1895-28 November 1960)
Moldova (27 August 1991) USSR
Montenegro (3 June 2006) Serbia (June
2006-February 2008)
Myanmmar (since 18 September 1989) Burma
Namibia (21 March 1990) South West Africa
(1884-1990)
Niger (3 August 1960) French West
Africa (1895-1960)
Russia/Russian Federation
(12 June 1990) Union of Soviet
Socialist Republics (USSR)
(20
December 1922-25 December 1991)
Rwanda (28 January 1961) Ruanda-Urundi
Samoa July 1997) Western
Samoa (1 January 1962-July 1997)
Senegal (20 June 1960) French West Africa
(1895-20 June 1960)
Serbia Yugoslavia
(April 1945-March 1992)
Slovakia (1 January 1993) Czechoslovakia (28
October 1918-31 December 1992)
Somalia (1 July 1960) Somaliland, Italian East Africa
Sri Lanka (22 May 1972) Ceylon
Tanzania (26 April 1964) Tanganyika and
Zanzibar
Thailand (1949) Siam
Timor Leste (1975) Timor,
Indonesia
Togo (27 April 1960) Togoland
Tuvalu (1 October 1978) Ellice Islands
United Arab Emirates (2
December 1971) Trucial States
Vanuatu (30 July 1980) New Hebrides
Zambia (24 October 1964) Northern Rhodesia
Zimbabwe (18 April 1980) Southern Rhodesia
Provinces
and Regions
Arabian Gulf Persian
Gulf
Baden-Württemberg, Germany Hohenzollern (1849-1952)
Bangla, India West
Bengal (till 20 July 1999)
Dovzhansky District, Ukraine2 Sverdlovsky
District, Ukraine
Free State Province, South
Africa Orange Free State
Gauteng Province, South
Africa Pretoria-Witwatersrand-Vereeniging
(PWV)
Germany (part of since
1870) Prussia/Preussen,
Germany (1660-1945)
Hoang Sa
(V) Paracel
Islands
Huangyuan Island (C) Scarborough Shoal
Irian Barat (M) West
New Guinea
Kalimantan (M) Borneo
Latvia (part of since 1918) Courland/Kurland,
Russia (1737-1918)
Latvia (part of since 1918) Livonia/Livland, Russia (1721-1918)
Mpumalange, South Africa Eastern Transvaal
Province
Malukoi (M) Moluccas
Malvinas (S) Falkland
Islands
Northern Province, South
Africa Northern
Transvaal
Nunavut Territory, Canada
(1 April 1999) part of North West
Territory (NWT)
Nusa Tenggara (M) Lesser Sunda Islands
Odisha (24 March 2011),
India (O) Orissa
Poland (part of since 1945) Pommerania/Pommern, Germany (1720-1945)
Puducherry, India (20
September 2006) Pondicherry
Senkaku-Shoto
(J) Diaoyu
Tai (C)
Spratly Islands Nansha (C)
Spratly Islands Truong
Sa (V)
Sulawesi (M) Celebes
Tanintharyi Region,Burma Tanintharyi Division, Tenasserim Division
Boykivsky District, Ukraine2 Telmanisvky
District, Ukraine
Transdnestr, Molodova Pridnestrovie
Xisha (C) Paracel
Islands
Places
Aasiaat, Greenland Egedesminde
Alchevsk, Ukraine Kommunarsk (1961-1991), Voroshilov (1931-1961)
Algabas, Kazakhstan Zelenoye (until September 1992)
Alluitsoq, Greenland Lichtenau
Alluitsup Paa,
Greenland Sydprøven
Almaty Alma-Ata
(R) (before 12 December 1997), Tselinograd
Ankara, Turkey Angora
(until 1923)
Antananarivo, Madagascar Tanarive
(Malagasy, until 30 June 1978)
Antseranana (claimed by Madagascar,
under
UK control) Diego Suarez, UK
Appat, Greenland Ritenbenk
Aqmola, Kazakhstan Akhmolinsk (until 1961), Tselinograd (R) (1961-1992)
Aqtau, Kazakhstan Shevchenko
(R)
Aqtöe, Kazakhstan Aktyubinsk
Armavir, Armenia Oktemberyan
Artemovsk (Artyomovsk),
Ukraine Bakhmut (until 1924)
Artsvashen, Armenia Bashkend
Astana, Kazakhstan Aqmolo/Akmolo (R) (10 December
1997-6 May 1998)
Atyrau, Kazakhstan Gur’yev (R)
Aukovskiy, Dagestan, Russia Novolsakskiy
Ausuittuq, Canada Grise Fjord
Bakhtaran, Iran Kermanshah
Ballary, Karnataka, India Bellary (until
13 October 2008), India
Baltiysk, Kaliningrad oblast,
Russia 1945) Pillau,
East Prussia, Germany (until August 1945)
Bengaluru, Karnataka, India Bangalore (until 1
November 2006), Benda Kaluru
Banjul, Gambia Bathurst
(until April 1973)
Bayash Utepova,
Kazakhstan Tochka (until September 1992)
Belagavi, Karnataka, India Belgaum (until 13
October 2008), India
Bezhitsa (part of Bryansk since
1956) Ordzhonikidzegrad
(1941- January 1944),
Bezhitsa (until 1941)
Beijing (i.e, Northern Capital), China Peking (September 1949-December 1978) Peiping
(Beiping) (1928-September 1949)
Peking
(1646-1927)
Bioko Island, Equatorial
Guinea Fernando Póo
Birlikshil, Kazakhstan Ilynka (until September 1992)
Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan Frunze
(1926-1991), Bishkek/Pishpek (until 1926)
Brasov, Romania Stalin
(1950-1960)
Bujumbura, Burundi Usumbura
Bunhe, Yenakiyevne,
Ukraine2 Yuzhnokomunarivsk, Ukraine
Bydgoszcz, Poland Bromberg
(1939-1945)
Bytom, Poland (1945) Beuthen, Silesia, Germany (until August 1945)
Centurian, South Africa Verwoerdburg
(until 2000)
Chemnitz, Germany Karl-Marx
Stadt (May 1953- October 1990, German Democratic
Republic)
Chennai, India Madras
(until 1996)
Cherkessk, Russia Batalpashinsk ,
Sulimov (1920) , Yeshov (before 1920)
Chernyakhovsk, Kaliningrad Oblast',
Russia Insterburg, East Prussia, Germany (until
August 1945)
Chikkamagaluru, Karnataka, India Chikmagalur
(until 13 October 2008), India
Chisasibi, Quebec, Canada Fort George
Chisinau, Moldova Kishinev
(R)
Chrystiakove, Ukraine2 Torez, Ukraine
Comrat, Moldova Komrat (R)
Da Nang, Vietnam Tourane
Darling, India Darjeeling
Dashhowuz, Turkmenistan Tashauz
(until 1995)
Dashtobod, Uzbekistan Ulyanovo (until April 1996)
Dawei, Tanintharyi Region, Burma Tavoy (until 1989)
Dnipropetrovs’k, Ukraine Dnepropetrovsk
(R) (1926-1991), Yekaterinodar (until 1926)
Dnipro, Ukraine2 Dnipropetrovsk,
Ukraine
Donets’k, Ukraine Stalino (1924-1961), Yuzovka
(until 1924)
Dovzhansk, Ukraine2 Krasnodon-Sorokyne, Ukraine
Dovzhansk, Ukraine2 tSverdlovsk, Ukraine
Dushanbe, Tajikistan Stalinabad
(1929-1961), Dushambe (until 1929)
Dzhokhar, Chechnya, Russia Groznyy (until January 1997)
Eisenhüttenstadt, Brandenburg, Germany Merger of Fürstenberg,
Stalinstadt, and Schönfliess,
German
Democratic Republic, in 1961
Elblag, Poland (1945) Elbing,
East Prussia, Germany (until August 1945)
Elista, Russia Stepnoi
Engel’s/Engelsk,
Saratov Oblast', Russia Prokrovsk (until 1931)
Ereymentau, Kazakhstan Yermentau (R)
eThekwini, South Africa Durban
(1824-1999)
Furmanov, Ivano
‘Oblast, Russia Sereda (until 1941)
Gazajyk, Turkmenistan Kazandzhik (R)
Gazi Magosa
(T), TRNC Famagusta,
Cyprus
Gdańsk, Poland (1945) Danzig,
Western Prussia, Germany (1224-1920, 1939-1945), Free City of Danzig
(1920-1939)
Girne (T), TRNC Kyrenia (GR), Cyprus
Gliwice, Poland (1945) Gleiwitz, Silesia, Germany (until August 1945)
Gorzow Wielkopolski, Poland
(1945) Landsberg
an der Warthe, Pommerania, Germany (until
August 1945)
Guben, Germany Wilhelm-Pieck Stadt, Guben
(January 1961-October 1990,
German Democratic Republic)
Gumdag, Turkmenistan Kum-Dag (R)
Gusev, Kaliningrad Oblast', Russia
(1945) Gumbinnen,
East Prussia, Germany (until August 1945)
Gushgy, Turkmenistan Kushka (R)
Gyandzha, Azerbaijan Kirovabad
(1935-1990), Gandzha (1920-1935), <R>
Yelisavetpol
(1813-1920)
Gyumri/Kumayri,
Armenia Leninakan
(1924-1990), Aleksandropol (until 1924)
Gyumri, Armenia Kumayri (R)
Gzhatsk, Russia Gagarin
Hagåtña, Guam Agana (1668-1998)
Harare, Zimbabwe Salisbury,
Southern Rhodesia
Ho Chi Min City, Vietnam Saigon
Holubivka, Ukraine2 Kirovsk
Hospete, Karnataka, India Hospet (until 13 October 2008), India
Hrazdan, Armenia Razdan (R)
Hubbali, Karnataka, India Hubli (until 13 October 2008), India
Igaliku, Greenland Igaliko
Garðar
Igaliku Kujalleq,
Greenland Søndre
Igaliko
Undir Høfdi
Ilimanaq, Greenland Klaushavn
Ilulissat, Greenland Jakobshavn
Inukjuak, Canada Port
Harrison
Iqaluit, Canada Frobisher
Bay (until 1987)
Isla de Bioko Fernando
Po (until October 1968)
Issyk-kul’, Kyrgyzstan Rybach’ye
Istanbul, Turkey Constantinople
(330AD-1930)
Byzantium
(600 BC-330 AD)
Istaravshan, Tajikistan Ura-Tyube
Ittoqqoortoomiit, Greenland Scoresbysund
Ivanovo, Russia Ivanovo
Voznesensk (until 1932)
Ivano-Frankovsk, Ukraine Stanisławów, Poland
Izgutty Aytykova,
Kazakhstan Skalistoye (until September 1992)
Izhevsk, Russia Ustinov (until June 1988)
Jakarta, Indonesia Batavia
(1619-1945)
Jalal-Abad, Kyrgyzstan Dzhalal-Abad (R)
Jayapura, Irian Jaya,
Indonesia Hollandia (until 1945)
Kabanbay, Kazakhstan Andreyevka (until September 1992)
Kadiyivka, Ukraine2 Stakhanov, Ukraine
Kalaburagi, Karnataka, India Gulbarga (until 13
October 2008), India
Kaliningrad, Russia (1945) Königsberg,
East Prussia, Germany
(until August 1945)
Kalmiuske, Starobeshivsky,
Ukraine2 Komsomolske,
Ukraine
Kangerluarsoruseq, Greenland Færingehavn
Kangerluk, Greenland Diskofjord
Kangerlussuaq, Greenland Søndre
Strømfjord
Kangilinnguit, Greenland Grønnedal
Karabulak, Kazakhstan Vysokogorka (until September 1992)
Karachayevsk, Russia Klukhori, Mikoyan Shakhar
Karakalis, Armenia Kirovakan
Kashi (C), China Kashgar
Katowice, Poland Stalinogrod (1953-1961)
Kaujuitoq, Nunavut Territory, Canada
Resolute, NWT, Canada
Kaynar, Kazakhstan Sergeyevka (until September 1992)
Kemerovo, Russia Stalinsk
Ketrzyn, Poland (1945) Rastenburg, East Prussia, Germany
(until August 1945)
Khadzhimukana, Kazakhstan Budennoye
(until September 1992)
Khokand/Kokand/Quqon,
Uzbekistan Fergana (1924-1991)
Khonobod, Uzbekistan Sovetabad, Khanabad (R)
Khrestivka, Ukraine2 Kirovske, Ukraine
Khrustalny, Ukraine2 Krasny Luch
Kimmirut, Nunavut, Canada Lake Harbour, NWT, Canada
Kinshasa, Congo (DR) Léopoldville
(until 1966)
Kisangani, Congo (DR) Stanleyville
(until 1966)
Klaipeda, Lithuania Memel,
Germany (23 March 1939-1945) Klaipeda,
Lithuania (until 23 March 1939)
Kolkata, India (1 January
2001) Calcutta
(1690-31 December 2000)
Kalikata (until 1690)
Kołobrzeg, Poland (1945) Kolberg, Pommerania, Germany
(until August 1945)
Koszalin, Poland (1945) Köslin, Pommerania, Germany
(until August 1945)
Klodzko, Poland (1945) Glatz, Silesia, Germany (until August 1945)
Kraków, Poland Krakau (1939-1945)
Krasnodar, Russia Yekaterinodar (1794-1917)
Kulusuk, Greenland Kap Dan
Kuznetsk, Russia Stalinsk
Kyzylsu, Kazakhstan Dirizhabi (until September 1992)
Lefkosia, Cyprus (Lefkosha (T)) Nicosia
(until February 1995)
Legnica, Poland (1945) Liegnitz, Silesia, Germany (until August 1945)
Leninsk, Kazakhstan Tyuratam
Liski, Russia Georgiu-Dezh
Łódź, Poland Litzmannstadt *(1939-1945)
Luhans’k, Ukraine Lugansk
(1889-1935; 1958-1970) (R) Voroshilovgrad
(1935-1958; 1970-1989)
Mahajanga, Madagascar Majunga (until March 1978)
Makhambet, Kazakhstan Yamankhalinka
Makhachkala, Dagestan,
Russia Port Petrov/Petrovsk (until 1917)
Malabo, Equatorial Guinea Santa Isabel,
Spanish Guinea
Mangaluru, Karnataka, India Mangalore (until 13
October 2008), India
Maniitsoq, Greenland Sukkertoppen
Mangaung, South Africa Bloemfontein
Manyrak, Kazakhstan Pokrovka (until September 1992)
Maputo, Mozambique Lourenço Marques (until 1975)
Maraldy, Kazakhstan Maralikha (until September 1992)
Mariupol’, Ukraine Zhdanov (1949-1989),
Mariupol’ (1779-1949)
Marks, Russia Yekaterinenshtadt
Maylin, Kazakhstan Kustanay (until September 1992)
Mumbai, India Bombay
(until November 1995)
Mwali, Comoros Mohéli
Mykolayiv, Ukraine Nikolayev
(R)
Mysure, Karnataka, India Mysore (until 13
October 2008), India
Naberezhnyye Chelny
(Tatar Autonomous
Oblast'), Russia Brezhnev
(1982-1988)
Narsamiit, Greenland Frederiksdal
N’Djamena, Chad Fort Lamy, French Equatorial Africa (until 1960)
Nerlerit Inaat,
Greenland Constable
Pynt
Njazidja, Comoros Grande
Comore
Nizhniy Novgorod, Russia Gor’kiy (1932-1990), Nizhniy Novgorod (1221-1932)
Nouadhibou, Mauritania Port Etienne
Novokuznetsk, Russia Kuznetsk-Sibirski (until 1931), Stalinsk
(1932-1961)
Novomoskovsk, Russia Stalinogorsk, Bobriki
Novosibirsk, Russia Novonikolayevsk (1903-1925)
Novouralsk, Russia Sverdlovsk-44
(secret defense site)
Nsanje, Malawi Port
Herald
Nuuk, Greenland Godtháb
Nzwani, Comoros Anjouan
Olmaliq, Uzbekistan Almalyk (R)
Olsztyn, Poland (1945) Allenstein, East Prussia, Germany (until August 1945)
Opȯle, Poland (1945) Oppeln, Silesia, Germany (until August 1945)
Oqaatsut, Greenland Rodebay
Oral, Kazakhstan Ural’sk (R)
Ordzhonikidzevskaya, Russia Sleptssovskaya
Orenburg, Russia Chkalov
(1938-1957), Orenburg (1735-1938)
Oskemen, Kazakhstan Ust-Kamenogorsk
Ostroda, Poland (1945) Osterrode, East Prussia, Germany (until August 1945)
Orenburg, Russia Chkalov
(1938-1957), Orenburg (1735-1938)
Öskemen, Kazakhstan Ust’-Kamenogorsk (R)
Özgön, Kyrgyzstan Uzgen (R)
Ozersk, Russia Chelyabinsk-65
(secret defense site since 1945)
Paamiut, Greenland Frederiksháb
Perm, Russia Molotov
(1940-1957), Perm (1780-1940)
Petropavlovsk, Russia Akhtyubinsk
Pila, Poland (1945) Schneidemühl, Pommerania, Germany
(until August 1945)
Pituffik, Greenland Thule
Air Base
Podgorica, Montenegro Titograd
(1944-1991)
Poznań, Poland Posen
(1939-1945)
Pugachov/Pugachovsk,
Saratov
Oblast', Russia Nikolayevsk (until 1918)
Prayagraj, India Allahabad
(until 15 October 2019)
Pune, India Poona
(till 1970s)
Pushkin, Russia Detskoye Selo (1918-1937), Tsarskoye Selo (until 1918)
Prokovs'k, Russia Engels
(1931-1942), Prokosv'k (1747-1931)
Qaanaaq, Greenland Thule
Qaqortok. Greenland Julianeháb
Qassiarsuk, Greenland Brattahlid
Qaraghandy, Kazakhstan Karaganda (R)
Qarshi, Uzbekistan Karshi (R)
Qasigiannguit, Greenland Christiansháb
Qeqertarsuaq, Greenland Godhavn
Qeqertarsuattsiaat, Greenland Fiskenæsset
Qostanay, Kazakhstan Kustanay (R)
Quqon, Uzbekistan Kokand
(R)
Qyzilorda, Kazakhstan Kyzyl-Orda (R), Ak
mechet (-1926), Petrovs'k
Rivne, Ukraine Rovno, Równo, Poland
Rotfront, Kyrgyzstan Bergtal (until 1945)
Rybinsk, Russia Andropov
(1984-1989), Rybinsk (1958-1983),
Shcherbakov (1946-1957)
Saint Petersburg, Russia Leningrad (1924-1991), Petrograd (1914-1924),
Saint
Petersburg (1703-1914)
Samara, Russia Kuybyshev (1935-January 1991)
Sarov, Russia Kremlyov (1994-August 1995), Arzamas-16
(secret nuclear base, 1946-1994)
Sarytau, Kazakhstan Platovo (until September 1992)
Semey, Kazakhstan
Semipalatinsk (R)
Sergiyev Posad,
Russia Zagorsk
(1930-23 September 1991), Sergiyev (before 1930)
Seversk, Russia Tomsk-7
(secret defense site)
Seydi, Turkmenistan Neftezavodsk (R)
Shakhrikhan, Uzbekistan Stalino
Shakhty, Russia Aleksandrovsk-Grushevsky (until 1920), Grushevsk
Shalqar, Kazakhstan Chelkar (R)
Sharypovo, Russia Chernenko
Shenyang, China Mukden
(1634-1945) (Manchu)
Fengtiang (1932-1945) (C)
Shivamogga, Karnataka, India Shimoga
(until 13 October 2008), India
Shu, Kazakstan Chu
(R)
Shymkent, Kazakhstan Chimkent (R)
Shymyldyk, Kazakhstan Filippovka (until September 1992)
Simbirsk, Russia Ul’yanovsk (1924-1991)
Sisimiut, Greenland Holsteinsborg
Slupsk, Poland (1945) Stolp, Pommerania, Germany (until
August 1945)
Sovietsk, Kaliningrad oblast,
Russia (1945) Tilsit,
East Prussia, Germany (until August 1945)
Stargard Szczecinskii,
Poland (1945) Stargard, Pommerania, Germany
(until August 1945)
Stavropol’, Russia Toliyatti (1970-), Stavropol'
(1943-1970),
Voroshilovsk (1935-1943), Stavropol’ (before 1935)
Sughd, Tajikistan Khudzhand/Khujand, Tajikistan Leninabad
(1961-March 1991)
Sulin, Rostov Oblast, Russia Krasny
Sulin (until 1926)
Sulusary, Kazakhstan Igorevka (until September 1992)
Swinoujscie, Poland (1945) Swinemünde,
Pommerania, Germany
(until August 1945)
Szczecin, Poland (1945) Stettin, Pommerania, Germany (until August 1945)
Szczecinek, Poland (1945) Neustettin,
Pommerania, Germany (until August 1945)
Tacheng, also T’a-ch’eng
T’ah-ch’eng, Xinjiang Chuguchak
Tallinn, Estonia Revel
(until 1940)
Tashir, Armenia Kalinino (until March 1991)
Thiruvanathapuram, India Trivandrum (until
1998)
Tighina, Moldova Bendery
(R)
Toamasina, Madgascar Tamatave (until March 1978)
Toliara, Madagascar Tlera (until March 1978)
Torez, Ukraine Chistyakovo, Ukraine (1870-1964),
Alekseyevo-Leonovo (1840-1870)
Alekseyevka (1770-1840)
Torghay, Kazakstan Yurgay (R)
Toskayyn, Kazakhstan Budennovka (until September 1992)
Tovuz, Azerbaijan Tauz (R)
Trekhgorniyy, Russia Zlatoust-36
(secret defense site)
Tsar Kaloyan
(Razgrad Region), Bulgaria Khlebarova
(1948-March 1991)
Tshwane, South Africa Pretoria
(until 22 July 2000, final
approval on 17 March 2005))
Tskhinvali, Georgia Stalinir (1934-1961), Ts’hinvali
Tugyl, Kazakhstan Priozernyy (until September 1992)
Tumakuru, Karnataka, India Tumkur
(until 13 October 2008), India
Turkmenbashi, Turkmenistan Krasnovodsk
(until 1992)
Tver, Russia Kalinin
(1932-1990), Tver (before 1932)
Ulaan Baatar
(Red Hero), Mongolia Urga (till
27 May 1921)
Ulan-Ude, Russia Verkhneudinsk (until 1934)
Ushbulak, Kazakhstan Glinovka (until September 1992)
Ushbulak, Kazakhstan Pugachevo (until September 1992)
Ussurysk, Russia Vorshilov (1935-1957)
Nikol’sk-Ussuriyski (1860-1935)
Vanadzor, Armenia Kirovakan Karaklis
Varanasi, India Benares/Banaras
Varna, Bulgaria Stalin
Vijapura, Karnataka, India Bijapur (until 13 October 2008), India
Vladikavkaz, Russia Ordzhonikdze
(1955-1990), Dzaudzhikau (1944-1954), Ordzhonikdze (1932-1943), Vladkavkaz
(before 1932)
Volgograd, Russia Stalingrad
(10 April 1925-1961),
Tsaritsyn
(1859-10 April 1925)
Vung Tau, Vietnam Cap St.
Jacques
Vyatka, Russia Kirov (1934)
Wroclaw,
Poland (1945) Breslau,
Silesia.
Germany (until August 1945)
Xankändi, Azerbaijan Stepanakert
(R)
Yegindybulak, Kazakhstan Kalinino
(until September 1992)
Yejmiadzin, Armenia Echiamadzin (R)
Yekaterinburg, Russia Sverdlovsk
(1924-23 September 1991),
Yekaterinburg
(1721-1924)
Yelizavetgrad, Ukraine Kirovograd
(1935), Zinovievsk (1917-1934)
Yenakiyevo, Ukraine Rykovo (1920)
Ysyk-Köl, Kyrgyzstan Issyk-Kul’
(1939) (R), Rybach’ye
Yuzovka, Ukraine Stalino
Zelenokumsk, Russia Vorontsovo-Aleksandrovskoye
Zertas, Kazakhstan Galkino (until September 1992)
Zhanalyk, Kazakhstan Kirovo (until September 1992)
Zhanatileu. Kazakhstan Andreyevka (until September 1992)
Zhangaqazaly, Kazakhstan Novokazalinsk (R)
Zhangaözen, Kazakhstan Novyy Uzen’ (R)
Zhantikey, Kazakhstan Semipalatinsk
(until September 1992)
Zhetyaral, Kazakhstan Komsomol
(until September 1992)
Zhety Su, Kazakhstan Semirechye (R)
Zhezqazghan, Kazakhstan Dzhezkazgar
(R)
Zhyngyldy, Kazakhstan Mangistau (until September 1992)
Zlín, Czech Republic Gottwaldov
Zmiyiv, Ukraine Gotval’d (R)
Spelling
Changes
Akhalk’alak’i, Georgia Akhalkali (R)
Akhalts’ikhe, Georgia Akhaltsikhe
(R)
Almaty, Kazakhstan (28
January 1993) Alma-Ata (R)
Andijon, Uzbekistan Andizhan
(R)
Aqmola, Kazakhstan Akmolinsk (R)
Aqtöbe, Kazakhstan Akhtyubinsk (R)
Aral, Kazakhstan Aral’sk (R)
Ashgabat, Turkmenistan (17
April 1992) Ashkhabad (R)
Babruysk, Belarus Bobruysk (R)
Balqash, Kazakhstan Balkash (R)
Ballti, Moldova Bel’tsy (R)
Baranovichi, Belarus Baranavichy (R)
Bayramali, Turkmenistan Bayram-Ali (R)
Barysaw, Belarus Borisov (R)
Basarabeasca, Moldova Bessarabka (R)
Bat’umi, Georgia Batumi
(R)
Berdyans’k, Ukraine Berdyansk (R)
Bilhorod-Dnistrovs’kyy, Ukraine Belgorod-Dnestrovskiy (R)
Borjomi, Georgia Borzhomi (R)
Bukhoro, Uzbekistan Bukhara
(R)
Büzmein, Turkmenistan Bezmein (R)
Charjev, Turkmenistan Chardzhou
(R)
Charkiv, Ukraine Charkov (R)
Chernivtsi, Ukraine Chernovtsy
(R)
Chiat’ura, Georgia Chiatura (R)
Chirchiq, Uzbekistan Chrichik (R)
Dilijan, Armenia Dilizhan (R)
Dnieper River, Ukraine Dnepr (R)
Dniestr River, Ukraine Dnestr (R)
Dniprodzerzhyns’k, Ukraine Dneprodzgerzhinsk
(R)
Dnipropetrovs’k, Ukraine Dnepropetrovsk
(R)
Donets’k, Ukraine Donetsk
(R)
Dubasary, Moldova Dubossary (R)
Embi, Kazakshtan Emba (R)
Farghona, Uzbekistan Fergana (R)
Gäncä, Azerbaijan Gyandzha (R)
Göyçay, Azerbaijan Geokchay (R)
Gudaut’a, Georgia Gudauta (R)
Homyel’, Belarus Gomel’
(R)
Hrodna, Belarus Grodno
(R)
Ijevan, Armenia Idzhevan (R)
Ivano-Frankivs’k, Ukraine Ivano-Frankovsk
(R)
Jermuk, Armenia Dzhermuk (R)
Kälbäcär, Azerbaijan Kel’badzhar (R)
Kalinkavichy, Belarus Kalinkovichi
(R)
Kapan, Armenia Kafan (R)
Kara-Köl,
Kyrgyzstan Kara-Kul’
(R)
Kerch, Ukraine Kerch’
(R)
Kharkiv, Ukraine Khar’kov (R)
Khmel’nyts’kyy, Ukraine Khmel’nitskiy (R)
Khorug, Tajikistan Khorog (R)
Kirovohrad, Ukraine Kirovograd
(R)
K’obulet’i, Georgia Kobuleti (R)
Kökshetau, Kazakstan Kokchetav (R)
Kramators’k, Ukraine Kramatorsk
(R)
Krasnowodsk, Turkmenistan Krasnovodsk (R)
Kremenchuk, Ukraine Kremenchug
(R)
Kryvyy Rih,
Ukraine Krivoy Rog (R)
Kulob, Tajikistan Kulyab (R)
K’ut’aisi, Georgia Kutaisi
(R)
Kyiv/Kyyiv,
Ukraine Kiev
(R)
Kyzyl-Kyya,
Kyrgyzstan Kyzyl-Kiya (R)
Laçin, Azerbaijan Lachin (R)
Länkäran, Azerbaijan Lenkoran’ (R)
Luts’l, Ukraine Lutsk
(R)
L’viv, Ukraine L’vov (R)
Mahilyow, Belarus Mogilev
(R)
Maladzchechna, Belarus Molodechno (R)
Marghilon, Uzbekistan Margilan
(R)
Mazyr, Belarus Mozyr’ (R)
Mingäçevir, Azerbaijan Mingechaur (R)
Murghob, Tajikistan Murghab (R)
Nawoiy, Uzbekistan Navoi (R)
Navapolatsk, Belarus Novopolotsk (R)
Naxçivan, Azerbaijan Nakhichevan’
(R)
Nebitdag, Turkmenistan Nebit-Dag (R)
Och’amch’ire, Georgia Ochamchire (R)
Odesa, Ukraine Odessa
(R)
Ozurget’i, Georgia Ozurgeti (R)
Pastavy, Belarus Postavy (R)
Petropavl, Kazakhstan Petropavlovsk
(R)
Polatsk, Belarus Polotsk (R)
P’ot’i, Georgia Poti (R)
Pryluky, Ukraine Priluki (R)
Qaraghandy, Kazakhstan Karaganda (R)
Qazimämmäd. Azerbaijan Kazi Magomed (R)
Qostanay, Kazakhstan Kustanay (R)
Quba, Azerbaijan Kuba (R)
Qurghonteppa, Tajikistan Kurgan-Tyube (R)
Qyzlorda, Kazakhstan Kyzyl Orda (R)
Rechytsa, Belarus Rechitsa (R)
Ribnita, Moldova Rybnitsa (R)
Rivne, Ukraine Rovno (R)
Rust’avi, Georgia Rustavi
(R)
Säki, Azerbaijan Sheki
(R)
Salyan, Azerbaijan Sal’yany (R)
Samarqand, Uzbekistan Samarkand (E,
R)
Samaxi, Azerbaijan Shemakha (R)
Semey, Kazakhstan Semipalatinsk
(R)
Sirdaryo, Uzbekistan Syrdar’ya (R)
Sokhumi, Georgia Sukhumi
(R)
Soroca, Moldavia Soroki (R)
Step’anavan, Armenia Stepanavan
(R)
Sülüktü, Kyrgyzstan Sulyukta (R)
Sumqayyt, Azerbaijan Sumgait (R)
Sunzha, Republic of Ingushetia,
Russia Ordshonikidzevskaya
(R)
Taldyqorghan, Kazakhstan Taldy
Kurgan (R)
Tash-Kömür,
Kyrgyzstan Tash-Kumur (R)
Tejen, Turkmenistan Tedzhen (R)
T’elavi, Georgia Telavi
(R)
Temirtau, Kazakhstan Temirtau
(R)
Termiz, Uzbekistan Termez (R)
Ternopil’, Ukraine Ternopol’
(R)
Tiraspol, Moldova Tiraspol’
(R)
Toshkent, Uzbekistan Tashkent
(E, R)
Tqvarch’eli, Georgia Tkvarcheli (R)
Ts’khinvali, Georgia Tskhinvali
(R)
Türkistan, Kazakhstan Turkestan (R)
Uchquduq, Uzbekistan Uchkuduk (R)
Urganch, Uzbekistan Urgench (R)
Uroteppa, Tajikistan Ura-Tyube (R)
Uzhhorod, Ukraine Uzhgorod (R)
Vinnytsya, Ukraine Vinnitsa
(R)
Vitsyebsk, Belarus Vitebsk
(R)
Yangon, Burma Rangoon
(until June 1989)
Yevlax, Azerbaijan Yevlakh (R)
Zaporizhzhya, Ukraine Zaprosh’ye (R)
Zaqatala, Azerbaijan Zakataly (R)
Zarafshon, Uzbekistan Zerafshan (R)
Zeastap’oni, Georgia Zestafoni (R)
Zhambyl, Kazakhstan Dzhambul
(R)
Zhytomyr, Ukraine Zhitomir
(R)
Spelling
Changes:
Provinces
and Cities of the People’s Republic of China1
Pin-yin Wade-Giles
System
Anhui Anhwei
Fujian Fukien
Gansu Kansu
Guangdong Kwangtung
Guangxi Kwangsi
Guizhou Kweichow
Hebei Hopeh/Hopei
Heilongjiang Heilungkiang
Henan Honan
Hubei Hupeh/Hupei
Hunan Hunan
Jiangsu Kiangsu
Jiangxi Kiangsi
Jilin Kirin
Liaoning Lianoning
Nei Mongol Inner
Mongolia
Ningxia Ningsia
Qinghai Tsinghai
Shaanxi Shensi
Shandong Shantung
Shanxi Shansi
Sichuan Szechwan
Xinjiang Sinkiang
Xizang Tibet
Yuannan Yunnan
Zhejiang Chekiang
Beijing Peking
Changchun Ch’anf-ch’un/Ch’ang’un
Changsha Ch’ang-sha
Chengdu Ch’eng-tu
Chongqing Ch’ung-ch’ing/Chungking
Dalian Dairen
Datong Tat’ung
Fuzhou Foochow
Guangzhou Canton
Guiyang Kweiyang
Guling Kuling
Haikou Houhow
Hangzhou Hangchow
Hankou Hankow
Harbin Harbin
Hefei Ho-fei
Hohhot Hu-ho-hao-t’e
Huaibei Hwaipei
Jiangsu Kiangsu
Jinan Tsinan
Jinzhou Chinchow
Kunming K’un-ming
Lanzhou Lanchow
Lhasa Lhasa
Liaodong Liaotung
Lüda Lüta/Ta-lien/Dairen
Manzhouli Manchouli
Nanchang Nan-ch’ang
Nanjing Nanking
Nanning Nan-ning
Pukou Pukow
Qingdao Ch’ing-tao/Tsingtao
Shache Sha-ch’e/Yarkant/Yarkand
Shandong Shantung
Shanghai Shanghai
Shantou Shan-t’ou/Swatow
Shenyang Mukden
Shijiazhuang Shih-chia-chuang
Taiyuan T’ai-yüan
Tianjin Tientsin
Ürümqi Urumchi
Wuhan Wu-han
Yan’an Yenan
Yinchuan Yin-ch’uan
Xiamen Hsia-men/Amoy
Xian Sian
Xinan Tsinan
Xining Sining/Hsi-ning
Xuzhou Hsuchow
Zhangjiakou Kalgan
Zhejiang Chekiang
Zhengzhou Cheng-chou
Notes
1 On 1 January 1979, the
government of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) adopted officially the pinyin system of writing Chinese
characters in the Latin alphabet. For the English version of Romanized Chinese
words, it replaced the familiar Wade-Giles system.
2 On 12 and 19 May 2016, the
Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine renamed 38 population areas
in the occupied territories of Donetsk and Luhansk in the Donbas region, accvording to Interfax-Ukraine.
Languages:
C Chinese (Mandarin)
E English
F French
GR Greek
J Japanese
M Malay
O Oriya
R Russian
S Spanish
T Turkish
V Vietnamese
TRNC Turkish Republic of
Northern Cyprus
Sources: Government information offices, IO database, France diplomatie, United Nations (UN), and US Department of State.
Completion: Includes information dated 25 January 2022 or earlier. Completed in January 2022.
(Replacing Countries, Regions, and Cities: Name and Spelling Changes, 26th
Edition, Global Survey, Vol. 49, No. 12Z/509, November 2019, 15 pp.)
12AA
♦
Published by The International Observer of
Washington DC USA