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Future International and National Events 2021-

Updated on 19 April 2021

Entries added or changed during the current month are shown in bold face.

· Canceled, delayed, postponed, or suspended.

2021

April 2021

International

1 Apr. United Nations (UN): Viet Nam assumes monthly presidency of the Security Council, succeeding United States of America.

2 Apr. International: Meeting of Iran by video link with signatories of the Joint Collective Plan of Action (JCPoA).

3-5 Apr. Nile Talks: African Union-mediated talks of Ethiopia, Egypt and Susad in Kinshasa to resolve Nile dam controversy.

6 Apr. International: Informal meeting of parties to the Joint Collective Plan of Action (JCPoA) with Iran in Vienna to identify issues and to discuss nuclear steps Iran would have to take to being in compliance with JCPoA.

9-11 Apr. World Bank Group/International Monetary Fund (IMF): Boards of Governors Spring meeting in Washington DC.

14 Apr. North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO): North Atlantic Council (NAC) video-linked meeting of member defense and foreign ministers (13 April 2021).

22-23 Apr. International: Earth Day video-linked summit meeting on climate (announced on 27 January 2021 by the US President).

23 Apr. Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU): Eurasian Intergovernmental Council meeting in Russia (5 February 2021).

24 Apr. Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN): Special Summit meeting in Jakarta.

24 Apr.-3 May International: Istanbul Conference on the Afghanistan Peace Process, hosted by Turkey (13 April 2021).

National

1 Apr. Europe: Hungarian and Polish prime ministers meet in Budapest with leader of Italian League party to discuss forming a new European conservative alliance.

1 Apr. India-Assam: Phase 2 of 3 of election of 126-seat Legislative Assembly (2 March 2021).

1 Apr. India-West Bengal: Phase 2 of 8 of election of 294-seat Legislative Assembly (2 March 2021).

1 Apr. Vietnam: Presidential election by National Assembly.

3-4 Apr. Kosovo: Presidental election by the Kosovo Assembly.

4 Apr. Bulgaria: Election of 240-seat National Assembly.

6 Apr. Denmark-Greenland: Election of 31-seat Parliament.

6 Apr. India-Assam: Phase 3 of 3 of election of 126-seat Legislative Assembly (2 March 2021).

6 Apr. India-Kerala: Election of 140-seat Legislative Assembly (12 March 2021).

6 Apr. India-Puducherry: Election of 30 of 33 members of the Legislative Assembly (12 March 2021).

6 Apr. India-Tamil Nadu: Election of 234-seat Legislative Assembly (12 March 2021).

6 Apr. India-West Bengal: Phase 3 of 8 of election of 294-seat Legislative Assembly (2 March 2021).

7-12 Apr. Nepal: Nepal Communist Party (NCP) Convention in Kathmandu (Tentative, see 18-23 November 2021)

9 Apr. Djibouti: 1st round of presidential election.

9 Apr. Samoa: Election of 50-seat Parliament (Legislative Assembly).

10 Apr. Egypt-Turkey: Resumption of bilateral contact through phone call between foreign ministers.

10 Apr. India-West Bengal: Phase 4 of 8 of election of 294-seat Legislative Assembly (2 March 2021).

11 Apr. Benin: 1st round of presidential election.

11 Apr. Chad: Presidential election (July 2020).

11 Apr. Chile: Election of members of the Constitutional Convention (26 July 2020).

11 Apr. Ecuador: 2nd round of presidential election.

11 Apr. Kyrgyzstan: Constitutional referendum on switching to presidential system of government (11 March 2021)

11 Apr. Peru: Election of 130-seat of the Congress of the Republic.

11 Apr. Peru: Presidential election.

11 Apr. Tibetan Government in Exile: 2nd Round of election of 46-seat 17th Assembly of Tibetan People’s Deputies (ATPD) (3 January 2021).

12 Apr. Somalia: House of the People extends presidential term for two years in place of holding a delayed presidential election.

14 Apr. United Kngdom-Cayman Islands: Election of 19-seat Legislative Assembly.

17 Apr. India-West Bengal: Phase 5 of 8 of election of 294-seat Legislative Assembly (2 March 2021).

18 Apr. Cape Verde: Election of 72-seat National Assembly.

21 Apr. Russia: President delivers annual address to the Federal Assembly (12 April 2021).

22 Apr. India-West Bengal: Phase 6 of 8 of election of 294-seat Legislative Assembly (2 March 2021).

23 Apr. Djibouti: 2nd round of presidential election.

25 Apr. Albania: Election of 140-seat Parliament (7 September 2020).

25 Apr. Germany: Election of 91-seat state legislature (Landtag) of Thüringen (Thuringia) (15 January 2021 postponed again; postponed from 2020).

26 Apr. India-West Bengal: Phase 7 of 8 of election of 294-seat Legislative Assembly (2 March 2021).

27 Apr. Haiti: Referendum on constitutional amendment.

28 Apr. United States of America (USA): Presidential address to Joint Session of Congress (13 April 2021).

29 Apr. India-West Bengal: Phase 8 of 8 of election of 294-seat Legislative Assembly (2 March 2021).

30 Apr. Libya: Authorization for inspection of vessels with crude oil and petroleum products leaving Libya expires (UNSC Resolution 2509 of 11 February 2020).

30 Apr. Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK): Mandate of the Panel of Experts on restrictive measures ends (UNSC Resolution 2515 of 30 March 2020).

30 Apr. Nepal: 1st round of election of 275-seat House of Representatives (20 December 2020).

May 2021

International

1 May United Nations (UN): China assumes monthly presidency of the Security Council, succeeding Viet Nam.

4-7 May International: Stockholm Forum on Peace and Development, SIPRI, virtual conference (2 February 2021).

10 May-25 June United Nations (UN): Conference on Disarmament, 2nd part, in Geneva, Switzerland.

18 May European Union (EU): EU restrictive measures framework against cyber attacks ends (14 May 2020).

National

9 May Benin: 2nd round of presidential election.

10 May Nepal: 2nd round of election of 275-seat House of Representatives (20 December 2020).

14 May Tibetan Government in Exile: Presidential election (6 January 2021).

15 May Chile: Election of 155-seat Constitutional Assembly.

15 May Sudan: Mandate of UN Interim Security Force for Abyei (UNISFA) ends (UNSC Resolution 2550) of 12 November 2020).

22 May Palestine: 1st Round of election of 132-seat Palestinian Legislative Council (1 February 2021).

22 May Palestine: 1st Round of presidential election (1 February 2021).

23 May Vietnam: Election of 500-seat National Assembly.

26 May Syria: Presidential election.

30 May Cyprus: Election of 80-seat House of Representatives.

31 May Somalia-Somaliland: Election of 82-seat House of Representatives.

31 May South Sudan: UN arms embargo, assets freeze and travel ban expire (UNSC Resolution 2521 of 29 May 2020).

31 May Iraq: UN mandate of UN Assistance Mission for Iraq (UNAMI) ends (UNSC Resolution 2522 of 29 May 2020).

31 May Sudan: Mandate of the UN Interim Security Force for Abyei (UNISFA) ends (UNSC Resolution 2550 of 12 November 2020).

June 2021

International

June Three Seas Initiative (3SI): Summit meeting in Bulgaria ( 24 December 2020).

1 June United Nations (UN): Estonia assumes monthly presidency of the Security Council, succeeding China.

3-4 June Normandy World Peace Forum: World Peace and Global Security, Abbaye-aux-Dames, Caen, Calvados Dept., France (5 February 2021).

11-13 June Group of Seven (G7) Summit meeting in Carbis Bay, Cornwall County, United Kingdom (22 January 2021).

21 June Commonwealth of Nations: Opening of 26th Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting (CHOGM) in Kigali (23 September 2020; postponed from 22 June 2020).

21 June-9 July United Nations (UN): Human Rights Council, (HRC) 47th Session in Geneva, Switzerland.

National

June Israel: Presidential election by the Knesset.

June Saint Lucia: Election of 17-seat House of Assembly.

June Syria: Presidential election.

3 June Sudan: Mandate of newly established UN Integrated Transition Assistance Mission in Sudan (UNITAMS) ends (UNSC Resolution 2524 of 3 June 2020).

5 June Ethiopia: Election of 550-seat House of People's Representatives (Tentative, 25 December 2020).

5 June Gambia: Referendum on draft Constitution.

5 June Libya: Authorization for implementation of the arms embargo on the high seas off the coast of Libya ends (UNSC Resolution 2526 of 5 June 2020).

6 June: Germany: Election of 83-seat state legislature (Landtag) of Sachsen-Anhalt.

6 June Iraq: Election of 329-seat Council of Representatives (Postponed on 19 January 2021; 1 August 2020).

6 June Mexico: Election of 500-seat Chamber of Deputies.

6 June Peru: 2nd round of presidential election.

9 June Mongolia: Presidential election.

12 June Algeria: Election of 462-seat National People's Assembly (12 March 2021).

13 June France: 1st round of regional elections (Planned, 12 April 2021).

13 June Switzerland: Popular referenda day.

16 June United Kingdom-Guernsey: Election of 47-seat States of Deliberation.

18 June Iran: Presidential election.

20 June Armenia: Election of 105-seat National Assembly (19 March 2021).

20 June France: 2nd round of regional elections (Planned, 12 April 2021).

25 June Netherlands-Aruba: Election of 21-seat Estates of Aruba.

27 June Haiti: Referendum on draft Constitution.

30 June Syria: UN mandate of the UN Disengagement Observer Force (UNDOF) ends (UNSC Resolution 2555 of 22 December 2020).

July 2021

International

1 July United Nations (UN): France assumes monthly presidency of the Security Council, succeeding Estonia.

1 July European Union-Council of the EU: Slovenia assumes presidency for a 6-month term, succeeding Portugal.

26 July-10 Sep. United Nations (UN): Conference on Disarmament, 3rd part, in Geneva, Switzerland.

National

July São Tomé & Príncipe: Presidential election.

July Vietnam: Presidential election.

1 July South Sudan: UN mandate of UN Panel of Experts ends (UNSC Resolution 2521 of 29 May 2020).

28 July Peru: Inauguration of president (22 November 2020).

31 July Cyprus: UN mandate of UN Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP) ends (UNSC Resolution 2561 of 29 January 2021).

31July Palestine: 2nd Round of of election of 132-seat Palestinian Legislative Council (1 February 2021).

31 July Palestine: Presidential election (15 Januarey 2021).

August 2021

International

1 Aug. United Nations (UN): India assumes monthly presidency of the Security Council, succeeding Estonia.

2 Aug. United Nations (UN): Opening of 10th Session of Review Conference of the States Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons in New York, NY USA.

National

Aug. Estonia: Presidential election.

Aug. Fiji: Presidential election.

Aug. South Sudan: Election of 332-seat National Assembly.

Aug. South Sudan: Presidential election.

12 Aug. South Sudan: Term of Transitional State Legislative Assembly expires (12 July 2018).

12 Aug. South Sudan: Presidential term of office expires (12 July 2018).

12 Aug. Zambia; Election of 164-seat National Assembly.

12 Aug. Zambia: Presidential elections.

28 Aug. Taiwan: Referendum on draft Constitution.

31 Aug. Lebanon: UN mandate of UN Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) ends (UNSC Resolution 2539 of 28 August 2020).

31 Aug. Mali: UN authority for control measures ends (UNSC Resolution 2541 of 31 August 2020).

31 Aug. Palestine: Election of 800-seat Palestinian National Council of the Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) (1 ebruary 2021).

31 Aug. Somalia: UN mandate of UN Assistance Mission in Somalia (UNSOM) ends (UNSC Resolution 2540 of 28 August 2020).

September 2021

International

1 Sep. United Nations (UN): Ireland assumes monthly presidency of the Security Council, succeeding India.

6-10 Sep. United Nations (UN): Conference of the States Parties to the UN Convention against Corruption, 10th session in Vienna.

13 Sep.-1 Oct. United Nations (UN): Human Rights Council,(HRC) 48th Session in Geneva, Switzerland.

14 Sep.- Dec. United Nations (UN): 76th Session of the General Assembly in New York, NY USA.

20-24 Sep. International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA): 65th Annual Conference in Vienna.

21-27 Sep. United Nations (UN): General Assembly General Debate in New York, NY USA.

30 Sep. North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO): Second term of Secretary General ends (12 December 2017).

National

Sep. Russia: Election of 450-seat State Duma.

Sep. United Kingdom (UK)-Isle of Man: Election of 24-seat Legislative Council.

5 Sep. China-Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (SAR): Election of 70-seat Legislative Council (LegCo) (Postponed from 6 September 2020 on 31 July 2020).

11 Sep. Afghanistan: US dadline for complete withdrawal of its forces (13 April 2021).

13 Sep. Norway: Election of 169-seat Parliament.

15 Sep. Libya: UN mandate of UN Support Mission in Libya (UNSMIL) ends (UNSC Resolution 2542 of 15 September 2020).

17 Sep. Afghanistan: UN mandate of UN Assistance Mission Afghanistan (UNAMA) ends (UNSC Resolution 2543 of 15 September 2020).

18 Sep. Iraq: Term of Special Adviser heading the UN Investigative Team to Promote Accountability for Crimes Committed by Da’esh/ISIL (UNITAD) ends (UNSC Resolution 2544 of 25 September 2020).

19 Sep. China-Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR): Election of 1,500-seat Election Committee (14 April 2021).

19 Sep. Haiti: 1st Round of election of 112-seat Chamber of Deputies.

19 Sep. Haiti: 1st Round of presidential election.

19 Sep. Russia: Election of 450-seat State Duma.

19 Sep. Russia: Election of regional heads.

25 Sep. Colombia: UN mandate of the Verification Mission ends (UNSC Resolution 2545 of 5 September 2020).

26 Sep. Germany: Election of 709-seat Federal Assembly (Bundestag) (Confirmed on 25 November 2020).

26 Sep. Germany: Election of 160-seat city legislature (Abgeordnetenhaus) of Berlin.

26 Sep. Germany: Election of 71-seat state legislature (Landtag) of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern.

26 Sep. Germany: Election of 91-seat state legislature (Landtag) of Thüringen (Thuringia) (Tentative, 15 January 2021 postponed from 25 April 2021 and from 2020).

26 Sep. Switzerland: Popular referenda day.

30 Sep. Mali: UN mandate for Panel of Experts ends (UNSC Resolution 2541 of 31 August 2020).

October 2021

International

1 Oct. United Nations (UN): Kenya assumes monthly presidency of the Security Council, succeeding Ireland.

15-17 Oct. World Bank Group/International Monetary Fund (IMF): Boards of Governors Fall meeting in Marrakesh, Morocco.

National

Oct. Cape Verde: Presidential election.

Oct. Côte d'Ivoire: Election of 255-seat National Assembly.

Oct. Iceland: Election of 63-seat Parliament.

Oct. Japan: Election of 465-seat House of Representatives.

Oct. Morocco: Election of 395-seat House of Representatives.

1 Oct. Libya: UN authorizations for combating human trafficking off the coast of Libya ending (UNSC Resolution 2546 of 2 October 2020).

8-9 Oct. Czech Republic: Election of 200-seat Chamber of Deputies (29 December 2020).

10 Oct. Iraq: Election of 329-seat Council of Representatives (Postponed from 6 June 2021 on 19 January 2021; 1 August 2020).

15 Oct. Haiti: UN mandate of UN Integrated Office in Haiti (BINUH) ends (UNSC Resolution 2547 of 15 October 2020).

24 Oct. Argentina: Election of 127 of 257 members of the Chamber of Deputies.

24 Oct. Chad: Election of 155-seat National Assembly (Rescheduled from 23 December 2020 in July 2020).

24 Oct. Uzbekistan: Election of 150-seat Legislative Chamber.

24 Oct. Uzbekistan: Presidential election.

31 Oct. Western Sahara/SDAR: UN Mandate for the UN Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara ends (UNSC Resolution 2548 of 30 October 2020).

November 2021

International

1 Nov. United Nations (UN): Mexico assumes monthly presidency of the Security Council, succeeding Kenya.

1-12 Nov. United Nations (UN): Conference of Parties (COP26) of Framework Convention on Climate Change (FCCC) in Glasgow, Scotland, UK (28 May 2020; postponed from November 2020 on 1 April 2020; 28 May 2020).

8-14 Nov. Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC): Annual Economic Leaders' Meeting in Auckland, New Zealand (15 August 2017).

22-25 Nov. United Nations (UN): Meeting of the States Parties to the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on Their Destruction, annual session in Geneva, Switzerland.

29 Nov.-3 Dec. United Nations (UN): Meeting of the States Parties to the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on Their Destruction, 26th session in The Hague.

29 Nov.-3 Dec. United Nations (UN): Conference on the establishment of a Middle East zone free of nuclear weapons and other weapons of mass destruction, annual session in New York, NY USA.

National

Nov. Bulgaria: Presidential election.

Nov. Chile: 1st round of presidential election.

Nov. Honduras: Election of 128-seat National Assembly.

Nov. Honduras: Presidential election.

Nov. Tonga: Election of 26-seat Legislative Assembly.

5 Nov. Bosnia & Herzegovina: Authorization for Member States acting through the European Union (EU) to maintain multinational stabilization force (EUFOR ALTHEA) ends (UNSC Resolution 2549 of 5 November 2020).

7 Nov. Nicaragua: Election of 92-seat National Assembly.

7 Nov. Nicaragua: Presidential election.

15 Nov. Central African Republic (CAR): UN mandate of the UN Disengagement Observer Force (UNDOF) ends (UNSC Resolution 2552 of 12 November 2020).

18-23 Nov. Nepal: Nepal Communist Party (NCP) Convention in Kathmandu (Tentative, 22 December 2020).

21 Nov. Haiti: 2nd Round of election of 112-seat Chamber of Deputies.

21 Nov. Haiti: 2nd Round of presidential election.

28 Nov. Switzerland: Popular referenda day.

December 2021

International

1 Dec. United Nations (UN): Niger assumes monthly presidency of the Security Council, succeeding Mexico.

6-11 Dec. United Nations (UN): 20th Session of the Assembly of Parties to the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (ICC) in The Hague.

13-17 Dec. United Nations (UN): Conference of the States Parties to the UN Convention against Corruption, 9th Session in Sharm El-Sheikh, Egypt.

31 Dec. United Nations (UN): First term of Secretary General ends.

31 Dec. United Nations (UN): Authorization for the UN Counterterrorism Committee Executive Directorate (CTED) expires (UNSC Resolution 2395 of 21 December 2017).

National

Dec. Uzbekistan: Presidential election.

4 Dec. Gambia: Presidential election.

4 Dec. Somalia: Authorizations granted to states and regional organizations cooperating with Somali authorities in the fight against piracy and armed robbery end (UNSC Resolution 2554 of 4 December 2020).

15 Dec. Somalia: Mandate for the Panel on Somalia ends (UNSC Resolution 2551 of 12 November 2020).

16 Dec. Afghanistan: UN support for the Analytical Support and Sanctions Monitoring Team in Afghanistan ends (UNSC Resolution 2557 of 18 December 2020).

19 Dec. Chile: 2nd round of presidential election.

19 Dec. China-Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR): Election of 90-seat Legislative Committee (14 April 2021).

20 Dec. Congo (DR): UN mandate of the UN Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of Congo (MONUSCO) ends (UNSC Resolution 2556 of 18 December 2020).

24 Dec. Libya: Election of 200-seat House of Representatives (GNA-Tobruk Agreement of 21 August 2020, 14 November 2020).

24 Dec. Libya: Presidential elections (Tentative, 14 November 2020).

31 Dec. Sudan/South Sudan: UN mandate of African-UN Mission Hybrid Operation in Darfur (UNAMID) ends (UNSC Resolutions 2525 of 3 June 2020 and 2559 of 22 December 2020).

2022

2022 Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC): Annual Economic Leaders' Meeting in Thailand.

2022 Pacific Islands Forum (PIF): Kiribati to host 53rd Forum (20 August 2019).

2022 Brazil: Presidential election.

2022 Egypt: Presidential election.

2022 France: Presidential election.

2022 Germany: Planned decommission of nuclear power plants (31 May 2011).

2022 Germany: Election of 137-seat state legislature (Landtag) of Lower Saxony.

2022 Germany: Election of 51-seat state legislature (Landtag) of Saarland.

2022 Germany: Election of 69-seat state legislature (Landtag) of Schleswig Holstein.

2022 Group of Twenty (G20) Summit Meeting of Heads of State and Government in India (29 June 2019).

2022 Hungary: Election of 199-seat National Assembly.

2022 Kenya: Election of 349-seat National Assembly.

2022 Kenya: Presidential election.

2022 Micronesia, Federated States: Referendum on independence of islands of Chuuk State (Postponed from 2020, 28 February 2020).

2022 Turkmenistan: General population and housing census (20 October 2017).

January

1 Jan. European Union-Council of the EU: France assumes presidency for a 6-month term, succeeding Slovenia.

February

27 Feb. Mali: Election of 147-seat National Assembly (16 April 2021).

27 Feb. Mali: Presidential election (16 April 2021).

March

13 Mar. Mali: 2nd round of presidential election, if needed (16 April 2021).

20 Mar. Mali: 2nd round of election of 147-seat National Assembly, if needed (16 April 2021).

27 Mar. China-Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR): Election of Chief Executive (14 April 2021).

April

30 Apr. Iraq: EU mandate of the EU Advisory Mission in Support of Security Sector Reform in Iraq (EUAM Iraq) ends (7 April 2020).

May

31 May Ecuador: Presidential term ends.

July

1 July European Union-Council of the EU: Czech Republic assumes presidency for a 6-month term, succeeding France.

2023

2023 Congo (DR): Presidential election.

2023 Nigeria: Presidential election.

2023 Switzerland: Candidacy for non-permanent membership of UN Security Council (UNSC) for 2023-2024 (Declared on 12 January 2011).

2023 Turkey: Election of 600-seat Grand National Assembly of Turkey (18 January 2021).

2023 Turkey: Presidential election (18 January 2021).

2023 Zimbabwe: Presidential election.

January

1 Jan. European Union-Council of the EU: Sweden assumes presidency for a 6-month term, succeeding Czech Republic.

July

1 July European Union-Council of the EU: Spain assumes presidency for a 6-month term, succeeding Sweden.

2024

2024 International: Afghanistan-USA security assistance treaty to expire.

2024 Indonesia: Presidential election.

2024 Russia: Presidential election.

18 May Mali: Mandate of European Union (EU) Training Mission Mali (EUTM Mali) ends (Extended from 23 March 2020).

2025

2025 Tanzania: Presidential election.

2026

5 Feb. Russia-United States of America: Five-year extension of nuclear arms control treaty New START expires, unless renewed (26 January 2021).

2033

February

18 Feb. Nigeria: Presidential election (15 October 2020).

August

Aug. Palau-USA: Expiration of defense treaty.

2034

2034 Switzerland: Planned decommission of nuclear power plants (25 May 2011).

2040

2040 Bermuda-USA: Expiration of 1941 lease of naval and air bases.

2041

2041 Antarctica: Review of Antarctica Treaty which expires on 23 June 2041.

2042

2042 Brazil: Population to reach 228 million (29 August 2013).

2044

2044 Russia: Expiration of 1995 lease of military base in Gyumri, Armenia (Extended from 25 to 49 years on 20 August 2010).

2050

2050 United Nations (UN): World population over 60 years of age will rise to two billion (Estimated in April 2002).

2063

2063 Tajikistan: Agreement of use of military base at Kulob, Khatlon Province, by Russia expires in 2063 unless renewed. Extended for 49 years after expiration in 2014.

(Date) Date of announcement or reporting.

UNSC United Nations Security Council

Entries added or changed during the current month are shown in bold face.

· Canceled, delayed, postponed, or suspended.

Sources: United Nations (UN), European Union (EU), International Foundation for Election Systems (IFES) (www.electionguide.org), Inter-Parliamentary Union PARLINE (www.ipu.org), international organizations, national governments and election commissions, Electoral Calendar (www.mherrera.org), IO database.